{"id":47719,"date":"2021-05-01T14:02:32","date_gmt":"2021-05-01T09:32:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tarjomaan.shop\/?p=47719"},"modified":"2026-01-18T18:45:35","modified_gmt":"2026-01-18T15:15:35","slug":"%d9%be%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%d8%b4%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7-%d9%88-%d9%86%d9%85%d8%a7%db%8c%d9%87%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%da%a9%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b9%d8%aa-%db%8c%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tarjomaan.com\/shop\/47719\/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%d8%b4%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7-%d9%88-%d9%86%d9%85%d8%a7%db%8c%d9%87%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%da%a9%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b9%d8%aa-%db%8c%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u067e\u06cc\u200c\u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u00ab\u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0642\u061f\u00bb"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 pdf \u067e\u06cc\u200c\u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647<\/strong>: <\/strong>\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0631<\/strong> \u062f\u0631<\/strong> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631<\/strong> \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n

**********<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0.\u06f1G. Smith, \u201cThe Chosen One,\u201d Sports Illustrated, December 23, 1996.<\/p>\n

(\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0648\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0646\u0647 \u0686\u0627\u067e \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a).<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06c0 \u06a9\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/li>\n
  2. Woods (with P. McDaniel, foreword by Tiger Woods), Training a Tiger: Raising a Winner in Golf and Life (New York: Harper Paperbacks, 1997).<\/li>\n
  3. J. Benedict and A. Keteyian, Tiger Woods (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018).<\/li>\n
  4. Smith, \u201cThe Chosen One.\u201d<\/li>\n
  5. R. Jacob, \u201cAce of Grace,\u201d Financial Times, January 13, 2006, online ed.<\/li>\n
  6. R. Stauffer, The Roger Federer Story: Quest for Perfection (Chicago: New Chapter Press, 2007 [Kindle ebook]).<\/li>\n
  7. J. L. Wertheim, Strokes of Genius (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009 [Kindle ebook]).<\/li>\n
  8. Stauffer, The Roger Federer Story.<\/li>\n
  9. K. A. Ericsson, R. T. Krampe, and C. Tesch-R\u00f6mer, \u201cThe Role of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of Expert Performance,\u201d Psychological Review 100, no. 3 (1993): 363-406.<\/li>\n
  10. A. Gawande, The Checklist Manifesto (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2010).<\/li>\n
  11. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0628\u06cc\u0631 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u06c0 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0646.\u06a9:<\/li>\n
  12. Slot, The Talent Lab (London: Ebury Press, 2017).<\/li>\n
  13. \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0632\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0632\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0650 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0639\u0648\u06cc\u0642\u200c\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a (\u0646\u062e\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06c0 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a):<\/li>\n
  14. Moesch et al., \u201cLate Specialization: The Key to Success in Centimeters, Grams, or Seconds (CGS) Sports,\u201d Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 21, no. 6 (2011): e282\u2013\u06f9\u06f0; K. Moesch et al., \u201cMaking It to the Top in Team Sports: Start Later, Intensify, and Be Determined!,\u201d Talent Development and Excellence 5, no. 2 (2013): 85\u2013\u06f1\u06f0\u06f0; M. Hornig et al., \u201cPractice and Play in the Development of German Top-Level Professional Football Players,\u201d European Journal of Sport Science 16, no. 1 (2016): 96\u2013\u06f1\u06f0\u06f5 (epub ahead of print, 2014); A. G\u00fcllich et al., \u201cSport Activities Differentiating Match-Play Improvement in Elite Youth Footballers\u2014A 2-Year Longitudinal Study,\u201d Journal of Sports Sciences 35, no. 3 (2017): 207\u2013\u06f1\u06f5 (epub ahead of print, 2016); A. G\u00fcllich, \u201cInternational Medallists\u2019 and Non-medallists\u2019 Developmental Sport
    \nActivities\u2014A Matched-Pairs Analysis,\u201d Journal of Sports Sciences 35, no. 23 (2017): 2281\u2013\u06f8\u06f8; J. Gulbin et al., \u201cPatterns of Performance Development in Elite Athletes,\u201d European Journal of Sport Science 13, no. 6 (2013): 605\u2013\u06f1\u06f4; J. Gulbin et al., \u201cA Look Through the Rear View Mirror: Developmental Experiences and Insights of High Performance Athletes,\u201d Talent Development and Excellence 2, no. 2 (2010): 149\u2013\u06f6\u06f4; M. W. Bridge and M. R. Toms, \u201cThe Specialising or Sampling Debate,\u201d Journal of Sports Sciences 31, no. 1 (2013): 87\u2013\u06f9\u06f6; P. S. Buckley et al., \u201cEarly Single-Sport Specialization,\u201d Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 5, no. 7 (2017): 2325967117703944; J. P. Difiori et al., \u201cDebunking Early Single Sports Specialization and Reshaping the Youth Sport Experience: An NBA Perspective,\u201d British Journal of Sports Medicine 51, no. 3(2017): 142\u2013\u06f4\u06f3; J. Baker et al., \u201cSport-Specific Practice and the Development of Expert Decision-Making in Team Ball Sports,\u201d Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 15, no. 1 (2003): 12\u2013\u06f2\u06f5; R. Carlson, \u201cThe Socialization of Elite Tennis Players in Sweden: An Analysis of the Players\u2019 Backgrounds and Development,\u201d Sociology of Sport Journal 5 (1988): 241\u2013\u06f5\u06f6; G. M. Hill, \u201cYouth Sport Participation of Professional Baseball Players,\u201d Sociology of Sport Journal 10 (1993): 107\u2013\u06f1\u06f4.; F. G. Mendes et al., \u201cRetrospective Analysis of Accumulated Structured Practice: A Bayesian Multilevel Analysis of Elite Brazilian Volleyball Players,\u201d High Ability Studies (advance online publication, 2018); S. Black et al., \u201cPediatric Sports Specialization in Elite Ice Hockey Players,\u201d Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach (advance online publication, 2018).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    (\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f8 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0647\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u062a\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u06a9\u0648\u0641\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0635\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0635\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0647 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0647\u0645\u062a\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u0634 \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u0645\u06cc \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0686\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u06c0 \u0645\u0644\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u06c0 \u0635\u062d\u0628\u062a\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0647\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0648\u06cc\u0686 \u062f\u0628\u0631\u0648 (Ludovic Debru) \u060c \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0633\u062a Aspen Institute\u2019s Project Play Summit \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f8 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u060c \u00ab\u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f … \u0628\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u00bb).<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. J. Brewer, \u201cEster Ledecka Is the Greatest Olympian at the Games, Even If She Doesn\u2019t Know It,\u201d Washington Post, February 24, 2018, online ed.<\/li>\n
    2. J. Drenna, \u201cVasyl Lomachenko: \u2018All Fighters Think About Their Legacy. I\u2019m No Different,\u2019\u201d Guardian, April 16, 2018, online ed.<\/li>\n
    3. M. Coker, \u201cStartup Advice for Entrepreneurs from Y Combinator,\u201d VentureBeat, March 26, 2007.<\/li>\n
    4. P. Azoulay et al., \u201cAge and High-Growth Entrepreneurship,\u201d NBER Working Paper No. 24489 (2018).<\/li>\n
    5. G. Tett, The Silo Effect: The Peril of Expertise and the Promise of Breaking Down Barriers (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015 [Kindle ebook]).<\/li>\n
    6. A. B. Jena et al., \u201cMortality and Treatment Patterns Among Patients Hospitalized with Acute Cardiovascular Conditions During Dates of National Cardiology Meetings,\u201d JAMA Internal Medicine 175, no. 2 (2015): 237\u2013\u06f4\u06f4. See also: R.F. Redberg, \u201cCardiac Patient Outcomes during National Cardiology Meetings,\u201d JAMA Internal Medicine 175, no.2 (2015): 245.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      [\u06f1] \u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u0632\u062f\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n

      **********<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06c0 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0648\u0644\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0632\u0626\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06c0 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0648\u0644\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632:<\/li>\n
      2. Aviram (director), The Polgar Variant (Israel: Lama Films, 2014); S. Polgar with P. Truong, Breaking Through: How the Polgar Sisters Changed the Game of Chess (London: Everyman Chess, 2005); C. Flora,\u201cThe Grandmaster Experiment,\u201d Psychology Today, July 2005, online ed.; P. Voosen, \u201cBringing Up Genius: Is Every Healthy Child a Potential Prodigy?,\u201d Chronicle of Higher Education, November 8, 2015, online ed.; C. Forbes, The Polgar Sisters (New York: Henry Holt, 1992).<\/li>\n
      3. Polgar with Truong, Breaking Through.<\/li>\n
      4. People staff, \u201cNurtured to Be Geniuses, Hungary\u2019s Polgar Sisters Put Winning Moves on Chess Masters,\u201d People, May 4, 1987.<\/li>\n
      5. L. Myers, \u201cTrained to Be a Genius, Girl, 16, Wallops Chess Champ Spassky for $110,000,\u201d Chicago Tribune, February 18, 1993.<\/li>\n
      6. Aviram, The Polgar Variant.<\/li>\n
      7. W. Hartston, \u201cA Man with a Talent for Creating Genius,\u201d Independent, January 12, 1993.<\/li>\n
      8. \u201cDaniel Kahneman\u2014Biographical,\u201d Nobelprize.org, Nobel Media AB 2014.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f5 \u062d\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06c0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u0634 \u0635\u062d\u0628\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u0645. \u062c\u0632\u0626\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n

        Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2011).<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Paul E. Meehl, Clinical Versus Statistical Prediction (Minneapolis: University of\u00a0 Minnesota Press, 1954).<\/p>\n

          \u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. F. Camerer and E. J. Johnson, \u201cThe Process-Performance Paradox in Expert Judgment : How Can Experts Know So Much and Predict So Badly?,\u201d in Toward a General Theory of Expertise, ed. K. A. Ericsson and Jacqui Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).<\/li>\n
          2. D. Kahneman and G. Klein, \u201cConditions for Intuitive Expertise: A Failure to Disagree,\u201d American Psychologist 64, no. 6 (2009): 515\u2013\u06f2\u06f6.<\/li>\n
          3. Robin Hogarth\u2019s fantastic book on learning environments is Educating Intuition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).<\/li>\n
          4. Thomas, The Youngest Science (New York: Penguin, 1995), 22.<\/li>\n
          5. \u0639\u06a9\u0633 \u06a9\u0627\u0633\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062f\u0631 \u06f5 \u0645\u0647 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f7 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u062c\u0644\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0644\u06c0 \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u063a\u0632\u00bb \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n
          6. \u06a9\u0627\u0633\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0634\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u06af \u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0628\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0633\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u062e\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0633\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062f\u0631 \u06f5 \u0698\u0648\u0626\u0646 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f7 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u200c\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0627\u0633\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u062f:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Deep Thinking (New York: PublicAffairs, 2017).<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. S. Polgar and P. Truong, Chess Tactics for Champions (New York: Random House Puzzles & Games, 2006), x.<\/li>\n
            2. Kasparov and Greengard, Deep Thinking.<\/li>\n
            3. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06c0 \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646-\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0634\u0637\u0631\u0646\u062c\u060c \u0646.\u06a9:<\/li>\n
            4. Cowen, Average is Over (New York: Dutton, 2013).<\/li>\n
            5. \u0647\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0632 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0634\u0637\u0631\u0646\u062c \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06c0 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0648\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0632\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u062a\u0628\u06c0 \u0627\u0644\u0648 (Elo rating) \u0648\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0637\u0631\u0646\u062c \u0633\u0646\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06f1\u06f8\u06f0\u06f0 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/li>\n
            6. \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u00abMy Brilliant Brain\u00bb \u0628\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n
            7. A. D. de Groot, Thought and Choice in Chess (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2008).<\/li>\n
            8. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06c0 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06cc\u0633 \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646:<\/li>\n
            9. G. Chase and H. A. Simon, \u201cPerception in Chess,\u201d Cognitive Psychology 4 (1973): 55\u2013\u06f8\u06f1.<\/li>\n
            10. F. Gobet and G. Campitelli, \u201cThe Role of Domain-Specific Practice, Handedness, and Starting Age in Chess,\u201d Developmental Psychology 43 (2007): 159\u2013\u06f7\u06f2.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0627\u06af\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0646.\u06a9:<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Campitelli and F. Gobet, \u201cThe Role of Practice in Chess: A Longitudinal Study,\u201d Learning and Individual Differences 18, no. 4 (2007): 446\u2013\u06f5\u06f8.<\/li>\n
              2. \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0646\u06c0 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06c0 \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f. \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0633\u062a:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Islands of Genius (London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2012).<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. A. Ockelford, \u201cAnother Exceptional Musical Memory,\u201d in Music and the Mind, ed. I. Deli\u00e8ge, and J. W. Davidson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06c0 \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u0622\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. K. Miller, Musical Savants (Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press, 1989); B. Hermelin et al., \u201cIntelligence and Musical Improvisation,\u201d Psychological Medicine 19 (1989): 447\u2013\u06f5\u06f7.<\/li>\n
                  2. N. O\u2019Connor and B. Hermelin, \u201cVisual and Graphic Abilities of the Idiot-Savant Artist,\u201d Psychological Medicine 17 (1987): 79\u2013\u06f9\u06f0.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    (\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u00ab\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062d\u0645\u0642\u00bb \u0628\u0627 \u00ab\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0646\u00bb \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u062f). \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0646.\u06a9:<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. Winner, Gifted Children: Myths and Realities (New York: BasicBooks, 1996), ch. 5.<\/li>\n
                    2. D. Silver et al., \u201cMastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm,\u201d arXiv (2017): 1712.01815.<\/li>\n
                    3. \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u062e\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u06f7 \u0698\u0648\u0626\u0646 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f7 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0633\u062a AI for Good Global Summit \u062f\u0631 \u0698\u0646\u0648 \u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      \u201cDeep Learning: A Critical Appraisal,\u201d arXiv: 1801.00631; \u201cIn Defense of Skepticism About Deep Learning,\u201d Medium, January 14, 2018; \u201cInnateness, AlphaZero, and Artificial Intelligence,\u201d arXiv: 1801.05667.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u06c0 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06c0 \u0686\u0627\u0644\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u067e\u0632\u0634\u06a9\u06cc \u0646.\u06a9:<\/li>\n
                      2. H. Freedman, \u201cA Reality Check for IBM\u2019s AI Ambitions,\u201dMIT Technology Review, June 27, 2017, online ed.<\/li>\n
                      3. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0650\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062f (Vinay Prasad) \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n
                      4. J. Ginsberg et al., \u201cDetecting Influenza Epidemics Using Search Engine Query Data,\u201d Nature 457 (2009): 1012\u2013\u06f1\u06f4.<\/li>\n
                      5. D. Butler, \u201cWhen Google Got Flu Wrong,\u201d Nature 494 (2013): 155\u2013 \u06f5\u06f6; D. Lazer et al., \u201cThe Parable of Google Flu: Traps in Big Data Analysis,\u201d Science 343 (2014): 1203\u2013\u06f5.<\/li>\n
                      6. C. Argyris, \u201cTeaching Smart People How to Learn,\u201d Harvard Business Review, May\u2013June 1991.<\/li>\n
                      7. B.Schwartz, \u201cReinforcement-Induced Behavioral Stereotypy: How Not to Teach People to Discover Rules,\u201d Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 111, no. 1 (1982):23\u2013\u06f5\u06f9.<\/li>\n
                      8. E. Winner, \u201cChild Prodigies and Adult Genius: A Weak Link,\u201d in The Wiley Handbook of Genius, ed. D. K. Simonton (Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons, 2014).<\/li>\n
                      9. \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u06c0 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0646 \u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00abadversarial collaboration\u00bb \u0648 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 Educating Intuition \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0646.\u06a9:<\/li>\n
                      10. Shanteau, \u201cCompetence in Experts: The Role of Task Characteristics,\u201d Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 53 (1992): 252\u2013\u06f6\u06f2.<\/li>\n
                      11. Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow.<\/li>\n
                      12. P. A. Frensch and R. J. Sternberg, \u201cExpertise and Intelligent Thinking: When Is It Worse to Know Better?\u201d in Advances in the Psychology of Human Intelligence, vol. 5, ed. R. J. Sternberg (New York: Psychology Press, 1989).<\/li>\n
                      13. E. Dane, \u201cReconsidering the Trade-Off Between Expertise and Flexibility,\u201d Academy of Management Review 35, no. 4 (2010): 579\u2013\u06f6\u06f0\u06f3.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06c0 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641\u200c\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641\u200c\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0646.\u06a9:<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. J. Feltovich et al., \u201cIssues of Expert Flexibility in Contexts Characterized by Complexity and Change,\u201d in Expertise in Context, ed. P. J. Feltovich et al. (Cambridge, MA: AAAI Press\/MIT Press, 1997); and F. Gobet, Understanding Expertise (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016).<\/li>\n
                        2. R. Root-Bernstein et al., \u201cArts Foster Scientific Success: Avocations of Nobel, National Academy, Royal Society and Sigma Xi Members,\u201d Journal of Psychology of Science and Technology 1, no. 2 (2008): 51\u2013\u06f6\u06f3; R. Root- Bernstein et al., \u201cCorrelations Between Avocations, Scientific Style, Work Habits, and Professional Impact of Scientists,\u201d Creativity Research Journal 8, no. 2 (1995): 115\u2013 \u06f3\u06f7.<\/li>\n
                        3. S. Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, Precepts and Counsels on Scientific Investigation (Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1951).<\/li>\n
                        4. A. Rothenberg, A Flight from Wonder: An Investigation of Scientific Creativity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).<\/li>\n
                        5. D. K. Simonton, \u201cCreativity and Expertise: Creators Are Not Equivalent to Domain-Specific Experts!,\u201d in The Science of Expertise, ed. D. Hambrick et al.\u00a0 (New York: Routledge, 2017 [Kindle ebook]).<\/li>\n
                        6. \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06a9 \u0633\u062e\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f0\u06f5 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          Text of Steve Jobs’ Commencement address (2005)<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n